<

class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 《</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">A Modern Course In English Syntax</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">》</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
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class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000>1.1<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000>WHAT IS SYNTAX</FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
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class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=4> Syntax, or syntactic analysis, may be defined as:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 23.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -23.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 23.25pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000> (a)<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000>determining the relevant component parts of a sentence</FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 23.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -23.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 23.25pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000> (b)<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000>describing these parts grammatically</FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=4>The component parts of a sentence are called constituents. In other words,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>syntax involves the two </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=4>tasks of:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000> (a)<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000>breaking down the sentence into its constituents </FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000> (b)<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000>assigning some grammatical label to each constituents, stating what type of constituent</FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000 size=4>(or grammatical category)it is, and what grammatical function it has.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000 size=4>This definition of syntax implies that we start form what is regarded as the largest unit of syntactic description---the sentence---and proceed until we arrive at the smallest meaningful unit. This is called a ‘top to bottom’ analysis. The units smaller than the sentence will be referred to as clauses, phrases, words and morphemes respectively. However, instead of saying that a sentence can be broken down into smaller and smaller constituents, we might also look at the sentence the other way round-that is,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>‘from bottom to top’—and say that constituents at different levels can combine to form increasingly<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>larger units: we proceed then form the morpheme to the sentence as a whole. Constituents are like building, blocks, which pattern in certain ways to form larger and larger units, the largest unit being the sentence. Each constituent (except the smallest) can be broken down into its component [arts. The purpose of doing syntax is to discover the ways in which constituents combine to form the structure of sentences.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=4><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In this book we adopt the (traditional) hierarchy of sentence constituents, as shown in the following diagram:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=4><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>SENTENCE-CLAUSE-PHRASE-WORD-MORPHEME</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
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